The numerous enemies of the grapevine can be divided into the groups of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses, as well as animal pests, which act indirectly by transmitting diseases or directly through, for example, root feeding or consequential damage such as rot. Some diseases are also caused by a lack of nutrients. Many diseases are of European origin, some were "imported" from North America from the middle of the 19th century. These were, in order, phylloxera, powdery mildew (Oidium), downy mildew (Peronospora) and black rot (which were referred to as the "four great plagues"), as well as flavescence dorée (golden yellowing) in the 1940s.
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Markus J. Eser
Weinakademiker und Herausgeber „Der Weinkalender“