polyploid

See under diploid.

Term for the double number of homologous chromosomes (DNA strand) in a cell. Homologous does not mean identical, but that the information is located at the same chromosome site, but can be very different (ex mother and father) with regard to the base pair combination. These genes (sections) on the strands are called alleles. There are also genes that are identical - if father and mother have brown eyes (human) or homozygous (homozygous) the same berry colour (grape variety). Humans have 23 chromosome pairs (places) and most grapevine genotypes have 19.

A single (haploid) chromosome set contains each chromosome with its double helix once, a double (diploid) chromosome set contains each chromosome twice; from triple (triploid=3) and more (tetraploid=4, hexaploid=6 etc.) this is called polyploid, the corresponding complete chromosomes occur many times. The duplication of chromosomes in germ cells with completely new genetic combinations takes place during meiosis; see there.

diploid - Graphik The three terms haploid, diploid and polyploid are shown in the diagram. The picture in the centre shows an example of two human chromosomes (there are 23 in total) in one cell. Chromosome 12 comprises 4.5% of the genetic material (genome) with 132 million base pairs...

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