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Pycnometer

Measuring instrument (Greek pykno = densely packed) for determining the relative density of solids or liquids by weighing. The first such device is attributed to the Arab polymath Abu Raihan Muhammad al-Biruni (973-1048). It consists of a glass flask with a thinly perforated glass stopper and must be calibrated to a certain volume. The density can be determined by filling the flask successively with the liquid to be tested and with water and weighing the two. Pycnometers can be used to determine must weight and alcohol content, among other things. Other devices for these measurements are areometer or refractometers. The picture on the left shows a conventional instrument, the picture on the right a pycnometer with thermometer and cap to reduce evaporation, filled with iso-propanol and copper particles. See also a list of other measuring methods and devices in viticulture under analytical testing.

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