The roots of the vine can - depending on the soil conditions, of course - bore down to a depth of 15 to, in extreme cases, 20 metres and extract a variety of substances from the soil. However, they cannot absorb these in solid form. Weathering converts the substances into tiny particles, which can only then be absorbed by the roots in an aqueous solution. The soil water with its constituents is called soil solution. A good vineyard soil is characterised by a good water retention capacity and optimal water drainage (without waterlogging). In most European wine-growing regions, the water supply is left to nature, as artificial irrigation is generally prohibited for quality wines and is subject to authorisation in exceptional cases.
The main nutrients include the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). They are absorbed in the form of carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil. The other main nutrients potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N), including the hydrogen compound ammonium, as well as the trace elements boron (B), chlorine (Cl), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn), which are only...
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