The French grapevine breeder Eugène Kuhlmann (1858-1932) created numerous new varieties in the first third of the 20th century at the Oberlin Institute in Colmar-Alsace. He was also director at this institute for several years. He created French hybrids (European vines x American vines) throughout. The main goal of his breeding activities was a very good resistance to fungal diseases and frost. Varieties bred by Kuhlmann are for example Colmar Précoce Noir (Kuhlmann 277-2), Etoile I (Kuhlmann 237-1), Etoile II (Kuhlmann 237-2), Grisette, Léon Millot (Kuhlmann 194-2), Lucie Kuhlmann (Kuhlmann 149-3), Maréchal Foch (Kuhlmann 188-2), Maréchal Joffre (Kuhlmann 187-1), Neron (Kuhlmann 296-1), Pinard (Kuhlmann 191-1) and Triomphe d'Alsace (Kuhlmann 319-3). In seven of these, the variety Goldriesling (1), created by Christian Oberlin (1831-1915), was a crossing partner. Due to their fungal resistance, they have become interesting again, especially in connection with organic viticulture. Most of them are also used as table grapes.
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