This is generally understood to mean alcoholic fermentation (derived from the Middle High German jären = to boil, to foam), in which sugar is unconverted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. In this process, the microbial decomposition of organic substances takes place without the inclusion of oxygen(anaerobic). However, the degradation of organic substances can also take place with the inclusion of oxygen (aerobic). Acetic acid fermentation consumes oxygen, which is why, strictly speaking, it is not a fermentation in the scientific sense.
In German, however, the term fermentation is an umbrella term for aerobic and anaerobic processes. In other languages, however, "fermentation" is used for alcoholic fermentation or does not have its own term.
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Thomas Götz
Weinberater, Weinblogger und Journalist; Schwendi