Term (also direct producer, self-producer, French: Producteur direct) for ungrafted vines that have not been grafted. They stand "on their own two feet", so to speak. The term was first coined in connection with the introduction in the second half of the 19th century of the now common practice of grafting scions onto American rootstocks. After many unsuccessful attempts, this was ultimately successful in combating phylloxera. Before the pest appeared in Europe, this measure was not necessary and all vines were direct carriers. Certain American vines are often cultivated as direct producers (especially in the USA), as some of them are more or less resistant to phylloxera and therefore no grafting is necessary.
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